1. Model structure
A description of how the Kenya WESM model is structured is given in the following. Section 1.1 briefly introduces the general structure of the model, while Section 1.2 looks at how OSeMOSYS sets have been defined for the Kenyan model, including a list of all commodities, technologies, and emissions considered. Technologies and commodities are combined to define the reference energy system (RES), introduced in Section 1.3 and analysed more in detail, sector by sector, in Section 1.4.
1.1 General model structure
The general model structure is represented in the following figure. Primary energy can be either imported or extracted locally. Kenya hs abundant renewable energy sources - like solar, wind, hydro and geothermal - that feed into the power system to provide electricity to the end use sectors. Bioenergy can be directly used in end use sectors, as in the case of wood fuel for cooking, or converted to secondary fuels, like electricity, charcoal, bioethanol or biomethane. Kenya’s scarce fossil fuel resources are not considered in the analysis, as the country does not currently have any local production or refineries, nor plans to start extraction activities in the foreseeable future. Fossil fuels are hence only imported, and distributed to the different sectors. The energy demand of each sector is converted into energy service demands, to allow the model to identify the cost optimal technology mix for each sector.
1.2 Model configuration - Sets
Sets shape the general model structure and contain information on the temporal and geographical coordinates of the model, as well as the fuels, technologies and typology of emissions included.
Region and years
The model is a single node national model for the whole country, meaning that no internal energy fluxes between different regions are considered. The time horizon is between 2019 and 2050, with one year increments. Years between 2019 and 2022 are used for calibration and checked with available data.
Timeslices
Timeslices constitue the representation of time within a single year in the model. The Kenya WESM uses 48 timeslices, given by the combination of 4 seasons, 2 day types (weekday and week end days), and 6 time intervals within one day.
Fuels
Fuels include all commodities considered in the model, being it primary or secondary. Generally speaking, primary and secondary commodities can be both produced locally or imported. In the case of Kenya, no fossil fuel local production is considered, and the only domestic resources corresponds to the potential of renewable energy sources as biomass, geothermal, solar, wind and hydro. Imported fossil fuels can be employed in one or more sectors and include coal, heavy and light fuel oil, natural gas, diesel fuel, gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel and LPG. Charcoal, bioethanol and biogas are locally produced, the first two from biomass, the latter from residual waste not accounted for in the model. Electricity is produced by the available power plants or imported from Ethiopia and Uganda and is represented by three different fuels, corresponding to electricity before transmission, between transmission and distribution and after distribution. To facilitate the analysis of the results, sector-specific fuels are defined and linked to the generic fuels through dummy technologies named fuel-technology mix technologies (FTE). Finally, demands are represented by fuels as well and identified by the prefix DEM.
Code |
Description |
|---|---|
AGRDSL |
Agriculture - Diesel |
AGRGSL |
Agriculture - Gasoline |
AGRHFO |
Agriculture - Heavy fuel oil |
BGS |
Biogas |
BIO |
Biomass |
CHC |
Charcoal |
COA |
Coal |
COMELC |
Commercial - Electricity |
DEMAGR |
Demand - Agriculture |
DEMCCO |
Demand - Commercial other |
DEMICM |
Demand - Industry - Non-metallic minerals and cement |
DEMIFP |
Demand - Industry - Food and food processing |
DEMIOI |
Demand - Industry - Other industry |
DEMRC1 |
Demand - Residential - Cooling demand urban |
DEMRC2 |
Demand - Residential - Cooling demand rural |
DEMRK1 |
Demand - Residential - Cooking and hot water urban |
DEMRK2 |
Demand - Residential - Cooking and hot water rural |
DEMRL1 |
Demand - Residential - Lighting urban |
DEMRL2 |
Demand - Residential - Lighting rural |
DEMRO1 |
Demand - Residential - Other electricity demand urban |
DEMRO2 |
Demand - Residential - Other electricity demand rural |
DEMTAI |
Demand - Transport - Aviation |
DEMTRB |
Demand - Transport - Bus |
DEMTRC |
Demand - Transport - Passenger car |
DEMTRH |
Demand - Transport - Heavy goods vehicle |
DEMTRL |
Demand - Transport - Light commercial vehicle |
DEMTRM |
Demand - Transport - Motorbike/two-wheeler |
DEMTTR |
Demand - Transport - Trains (Rail) |
DEMTWD |
Demand - Transport - Shipping |
DSL |
Diesel |
ELC001 |
Electricity high voltage (transmission) |
ELC002 |
Electricity medium voltage |
ELC003 |
Electricity low voltage (distribution) |
ETH |
Ethanol |
GEO |
Geothermal |
GSL |
Gasoline |
HFOMOM |
Heavy fuel oil - Mombasa |
HFONAI |
Heavy fuel oil - Nairobi |
HYD |
Hydro |
INDCOA |
Industry - Coal |
INDDSL |
Industry - Diesel |
INDELC |
Industry - Electricity |
INDHFO |
Industry - Heavy fuel oil |
INDKER |
Industry - Kerosene |
INDLPG |
Industry - LPG |
JFL |
Jet fuel |
KER |
Kerosene |
LFOELD |
Light fuel oil - Eldoret |
LPG |
Liquefied petroleum gas |
NGS |
Natural gas |
RESBGS |
Residential - Biogas |
RESBIO |
Residential - Biomass |
RESCHC |
Residential - Charcoal |
RESELC |
Residential - Electricity |
RESETH |
Residential - Ethanol |
RESKER |
Residential - Kerosene |
RESLPG |
Residential - LPG |
SOL |
Solar |
TRADSL |
Transport - Diesel |
TRAELC |
Transport - Electricity |
TRAGSL |
Transport - Gasoline |
TRAHFO |
Transport - Heavy fuel oil |
TRAJFL |
Transport - Jet fuel |
URN |
Uranium |
WND |
Wind |
Technologies and modes of operation
All technologies considered in the model are listed in the technologies set. Imported resources and fuels (IMP) and local resources (MIN) are characterized by technologies with only an output fuel. The power sector is represented at a single power plant level (PWR technologies). The transmission (PWRTRN) and distribution PWRDIST) grids are represented by a single technology, to account for losses. Each sector is delimitated by the fuel-technology mix technologies (FTE), one per each fuel available to the sector. The function of FTE technologies is to facilitate the postprocessing of the results, as well as to account for sector-specific costs and efficiencies not explicitly modelled. Each sector has then its own technologies, identified by a specific prefix, that convert the available fuels in the relevant sectoral demand. Currently, only one mode of operation is considered per each technology.
Code |
Description |
|---|---|
AGRDSL001 |
Agriculture machinery - Diesel - Base efficiency |
AGRDSL005 |
Agriculture machinery - Diesel - Improved efficiency |
AGRGSL001 |
Agriculture machinery - Gasoline - Base efficiency |
AGRGSL005 |
Agriculture machinery - Gasoline - Improved efficiency |
AGRHFO001 |
Agriculture machinery - Heavy fuel oil- Base efficiency |
BACKSTOP |
Backstop technology - Power sector |
CCOELC001 |
Commercial - Other electricity demand - Electricity - Base efficiency |
EXPELC |
Electricity - Exports |
FTEAGRDSL |
Fuel tech mix - Agriculture - Diesel |
FTEAGRGSL |
Fuel tech mix - Agriculture - Gasoline |
FTEAGRHFO |
Fuel tech mix - Agriculture - HFO |
FTECOMELC |
Fuel tech mix - Commercial - Electricity |
FTEINDCOA |
Fuel tech mix - Industry - Coal |
FTEINDDSL |
Fuel tech mix - Industry - Diesel |
FTEINDELC |
Fuel tech mix - Industry - Electricity |
FTEINDHFO |
Fuel tech mix - Industry - Heavy fuel oil |
FTEINDKER |
Fuel tech mix - Industry - Kerosene |
FTEINDLPG |
Fuel tech mix - Industry - LPG |
FTERESBGS |
Fuel tech mix - Residential - Biogas |
FTERESBIO |
Fuel tech mix - Residential - Solid biomass |
FTERESCHC |
Fuel tech mix - Residential - Charcoal |
FTERESELC |
Fuel tech mix - Residential - Electricity |
FTERESETH |
Fuel tech mix - Residential - Ethanol |
FTERESKER |
Fuel tech mix - Residential - Kerosene |
FTERESLPG |
Fuel tech mix - Residential - LPG |
FTETRADSL |
Fuel tech mix - Transport - Diesel |
FTETRAELC |
Fuel tech mix - Transport - Electricity |
FTETRAGSL |
Fuel tech mix - Transport - Gasoline |
FTETRAHFO |
Fuel tech mix - Transport - Heavy shipping oil |
FTETRAJFL |
Fuel tech mix - Transport - Jet fuel |
ICMCOA001 |
Industry non-metallic minerals and cement - Coal - Base efficiency |
ICMCOA005 |
Industry non-metallic minerals and cement - Coal - Improved efficiency |
IFPELC001 |
Industry food and food processing - Electricity - Base efficiency |
IMPBIO |
Biomass - Imports |
IMPCOA |
Coal - Imports |
IMPDSL |
Diesel for transportation sector - Imports |
IMPELC001 |
Electricity - Imports from Ethiopia |
IMPELC002 |
Electricity - Imports from Uganda |
IMPGSL |
Gasoline for transportation sector - Imports |
IMPHFOMOM |
HFO - Import to Mombasa |
IMPHFONAI |
HFO - Import to Nairobi |
IMPJFL |
Jet fuel for transportation sector - Imports |
IMPKER |
Kerosene - Imports |
IMPLFOELD |
LFO - Import to Eldoret |
IMPLPG |
LPG - Imports |
IMPNGS |
Natural gas - Imports |
IMPOIL |
Oil - Imports |
IMPURN |
Uranium - Imports |
IOIDSL001 |
Industry other industry - Diesel - Base efficiency |
IOIELC001 |
Industry other industry - Electricity - Base efficiency |
IOIHFO001 |
Industry other industry - Heavy fuel oil - Base efficiency |
IOIKER001 |
Industry other industry - Kerosene - Base efficiency |
IOILPG001 |
Industry other industry - LPG - Base efficiency |
MINBGS |
Biogas - Domestic |
MINBIO |
Biomass - Domestic |
MINGEO |
Goethermal resource |
MINHYD |
Hydro resource |
MINSOL |
Solar resource |
MINURN |
Uranium - Domestic |
MINWND |
Wind resource |
PWRBIO001 |
Biomass powerplant (distribution level) |
PWRCOA001 |
Coal - Power plant 1 |
PWRCOA002 |
Coal - Power plant 2 |
PWRCOA003 |
Coal - Power plant 3 |
PWRDIST |
Distribution grid |
PWRGEO001 |
Geothermal - Power plant 1 |
PWRGEO002 |
Geothermal - Power plant 2 |
PWRGEO003 |
Geothermal - Power plant 3 |
PWRGEO004 |
Geothermal - Power plant 4 |
PWRGEO005 |
Geothermal - Power plant 5 |
PWRGEO006 |
Geothermal - Power plant 6 |
PWRGEO007 |
Geothermal - Power plant 7 |
PWRGEO008 |
Geothermal - Power plant 8 |
PWRGEO009 |
Geothermal - Power plant 9 |
PWRGEO010 |
Geothermal - Power plant 10 |
PWRGEO011 |
Geothermal - Power plant 11 |
PWRGEO012 |
Geothermal - Power plant 12 |
PWRGEO013 |
Geothermal - Power plant 13 |
PWRGEO014 |
Geothermal - Power plant 14 |
PWRGEO015 |
Geothermal - Power plant 15 |
PWRGEO016 |
Geothermal - Power plant 16 |
PWRGEO017 |
Geothermal - Power plant 17 |
PWRGEO018 |
Geothermal - Power plant 18 |
PWRGEO019 |
Geothermal - Power plant 19 |
PWRGEO020 |
Geothermal - Power plant 20 |
PWRGEO021 |
Geothermal - Power plant 21 |
PWRGEO022 |
Geothermal - Power plant 22 |
PWRGEO023 |
Geothermal - Power plant 23 |
PWRGEO024 |
Geothermal - Power plant 24 |
PWRGEO025 |
Geothermal - Power plant 25 |
PWRGEO026 |
Geothermal - Power plant 26 |
PWRGEO027 |
Geothermal - Power plant 27 |
PWRGEO028 |
Geothermal - Power plant 28 |
PWRGEO029 |
Geothermal - Power plant 29 |
PWRGEO030 |
Geothermal - Power plant 30 |
PWRGEO031 |
Geothermal - Power plant 31 |
PWRGEO032 |
Geothermal - Power plant 32 |
PWRGEO033 |
Geothermal - Power plant 33 |
PWRGEO034 |
Geothermal - Power plant 34 |
PWRGEO035 |
Geothermal - Power plant 35 |
PWRGEO036 |
Geothermal - Power plant 36 |
PWRGEO037 |
Geothermal - Power plant 37 |
PWRGEO038 |
Geothermal - Power plant 38 |
PWRGEO039 |
Geothermal - Power plant 39 |
PWRGEO040 |
Geothermal - Power plant 40 |
PWRGEO041 |
Geothermal - Power plant 41 |
PWRGEO042 |
Geothermal - Power plant 42 |
PWRGEO043 |
Geothermal - Power plant 43 |
PWRGEO044 |
Geothermal - Power plant 44 |
PWRGEO045 |
Geothermal - Power plant 45 |
PWRGEO046 |
Geothermal - Power plant 46 |
PWRGEO047 |
Geothermal - Power plant 47 |
PWRGEO048 |
Geothermal - Power plant 48 |
PWRGEO049 |
Geothermal - Power plant 49 |
PWRGEO050 |
Geothermal - Power plant 50 |
PWRGEO051 |
Geothermal - Power plant 51 |
PWRGEO101 |
Geothermal - Power plant 52 |
PWRGEO102 |
Geothermal - Power plant 53 |
PWRHFO001 |
HFO - Power plant 1 |
PWRHFO002 |
HFO - Power plant 2 |
PWRHFO003 |
HFO - Power plant 3 |
PWRHFO004 |
HFO - Power plant 4 |
PWRHFO005 |
HFO - Power plant 5 |
PWRHFO006 |
HFO - Power plant 6 |
PWRHFO007 |
HFO - Power plant 7 |
PWRHFO008 |
HFO - Power plant 8 |
PWRHFO009 |
HFO - Power plant 9 |
PWRHYD001 |
Hydro - Power plant 1 |
PWRHYD002 |
Hydro - Power plant 2 |
PWRHYD003 |
Hydro - Power plant 3 |
PWRHYD004 |
Hydro - Power plant 4 |
PWRHYD005 |
Hydro - Power plant 5 |
PWRHYD006 |
Hydro - Power plant 6 |
PWRHYD007 |
Hydro - Power plant 7 |
PWRHYD008 |
Hydro - Power plant 8 |
PWRHYD009 |
Hydro - Power plant 9 |
PWRHYD010 |
Hydro - Power plant 10 |
PWRHYD011 |
Hydro - Power plant 11 |
PWRHYD012 |
Hydro - Power plant 12 |
PWRHYD013 |
Hydro - Power plant 13 |
PWRHYD014 |
Hydro - Power plant 14 |
PWRHYD015 |
Hydro - Power plant 15 |
PWRHYD016 |
Hydro - Power plant 16 |
PWRHYD101 |
Hydro - Power plant 17 |
PWRLFO001 |
LFO - Power plant 1 |
PWRLFO002 |
LFO - Power plant 2 |
PWRLFO003 |
LFO - Power plant 3 |
PWRNGS001 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 1 |
PWRNGS002 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 2 |
PWRNGS003 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 3 |
PWRNGS004 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 4 |
PWRNGS005 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 5 |
PWRNGS006 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 6 |
PWRNGS007 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 7 |
PWRNGS008 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 8 |
PWRNGS009 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 9 |
PWRNGS010 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 10 |
PWRNGS011 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 11 |
PWRNGS012 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 12 |
PWRNGS013 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 13 |
PWRNGS014 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 14 |
PWRNGS015 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 15 |
PWRNGS016 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 16 |
PWRNGS017 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 17 |
PWRNGS018 |
Natural Gas - Power plant 18 |
PWRSOL001 |
Solar - Power plant 1 |
PWRSOL002 |
Solar - Power plant 2 |
PWRSOL003 |
Solar - Power plant 3 |
PWRSOL004 |
Solar - Power plant 4 |
PWRSOL005 |
Solar - Power plant 5 |
PWRSOL006 |
Solar - Power plant 6 |
PWRSOL007 |
Solar - Power plant 7 |
PWRSOL008 |
Solar - Power plant 8 |
PWRSOL009 |
Solar - Power plant 9 |
PWRSOL010 |
Solar - Power plant 10 |
PWRSOL011 |
Solar - Power plant 11 |
PWRSOL012 |
Solar - Power plant 12 |
PWRSOL013 |
Solar - Power plant 13 |
PWRSOL014 |
Solar - Power plant 14 |
PWRSOL015 |
Solar - Power plant 15 |
PWRSOL016 |
Solar - Power plant 16 |
PWRSOL101 |
Solar - Power plant 17 |
PWRTRN |
Transmission grid |
PWRURN001 |
Nuclear - Power plant 1 |
PWRURN002 |
Nuclear - Power plant 2 |
PWRURN003 |
Nuclear - Power plant 3 |
PWRWND001 |
Wind - Power plant 1 |
PWRWND002 |
Wind - Power plant 2 |
PWRWND003 |
Wind - Power plant 3 |
PWRWND004 |
Wind - Power plant 4 |
PWRWND005 |
Wind - Power plant 5 |
PWRWND006 |
Wind - Power plant 6 |
PWRWND007 |
Wind - Power plant 7 |
PWRWND008 |
Wind - Power plant 8 |
PWRWND009 |
Wind - Power plant 9 |
PWRWND010 |
Wind - Power plant 10 |
PWRWND011 |
Wind - Power plant 11 |
PWRWND012 |
Wind - Power plant 12 |
PWRWND013 |
Wind - Power plant 13 |
PWRWND014 |
Wind - Power plant 14 |
PWRWND015 |
Wind - Power plant 15 |
PWRWND016 |
Wind - Power plant 16 |
PWRWND017 |
Wind - Power plant 17 |
PWRWND018 |
Wind - Power plant 18 |
PWRWND019 |
Wind - Power plant 19 |
PWRWND020 |
Wind - Power plant 20 |
PWRWND021 |
Wind - Power plant 21 |
PWRWND022 |
Wind - Power plant 22 |
PWRWND023 |
Wind - Power plant 23 |
PWRWND024 |
Wind - Power plant 24 |
PWRWND025 |
Wind - Power plant 25 |
PWRWND026 |
Wind - Power plant 26 |
PWRWND027 |
Wind - Power plant 27 |
PWRWND028 |
Wind - Power plant 28 |
PWRWND101 |
Wind - Power plant 29 |
RC1ELC001 |
Residential - Cooling demand urban - Electricity - Base efficiency |
RC2ELC001 |
Residential - Cooling demand rural - Electricity - Base efficiency |
RK1BGS001 |
Residential - Cooking - Urban - Biogas |
RK1BIO001 |
Residential - Cooking - Urban - Three stone open fire |
RK1BIO005 |
Residential - Cooking - Urban - Improved firewood stoves (e.g., Kuni mbili stove,manufactured firewoodstoves, gasifier stoves) |
RK1CHC001 |
Residential - Cooking - Urban - Metallic charcoal stove |
RK1CHC005 |
Residential - Cooking - Urban - Improved Charcoal Stove (ceramic lined stoves) |
RK1ELC001 |
Residential - Cooking - Urban - Electric coil |
RK1ELC005 |
Residential - Cooking - Urban - Electric induction stove |
RK1ELC100 |
Residential - Cooking - Urban - Electric Pressure Cooker |
RK1ETH001 |
Residential - Cooking - Urban - Biofuel stove (e.g. KOKO) |
RK1KER001 |
Residential - Cooking - Urban - Kerosene stove |
RK1LPG001 |
Residential - Cooking - Urban - LPG stove |
RK2BGS001 |
Residential - Cooking - Rural - Biogas |
RK2BIO001 |
Residential - Cooking - Rural - Three stone open fire |
RK2BIO005 |
Residential - Cooking - Rural - Improved firewood stoves (e.g., Kuni mbili stove,manufactured firewoodstoves, gasifier stoves) |
RK2CHC001 |
Residential - Cooking - Rural - Metallic charcoal stove |
RK2CHC005 |
Residential - Cooking - Rural - Improved Charcoal Stove (ceramic lined stoves) |
RK2ELC001 |
Residential - Cooking - Rural - Electric coil |
RK2ELC005 |
Residential - Cooking - Rural - Electric induction stove |
RK2ELC100 |
Residential - Cooking - Rural - Electric Pressure Cooker |
RK2ETH001 |
Residential - Cooking - Rural - Biofuel stove (e.g. KOKO) |
RK2KER001 |
Residential - Cooking - Rural - Kerosene stove |
RK2LPG001 |
Residential - Cooking - Rural - LPG stove |
RL1ELC001 |
Residential - Lighting urban - Electricity - Base efficiency |
RL1ELC005 |
Residential - Lighting urban - Electricity - Improved efficiency |
RL1KER001 |
Residential - Lighting urban - Kerosene - Base efficiency |
RL1KER005 |
Residential - Lighting urban - Kerosene - Improved efficiency |
RL2ELC001 |
Residential - Lighting rural - Electricity - Base efficiency |
RL2ELC005 |
Residential - Lighting rural - Electricity - Improved efficiency |
RL2KER001 |
Residential - Lighting rural - Kerosene - Base efficiency |
RL2KER005 |
Residential - Lighting rural - Kerosene - Improved efficiency |
RO1ELC001 |
Residential - Other electricity demand urban - Electricity - Base efficiency |
RO1ELC005 |
Residential - Other electricity demand urban - Electricity - Improved efficiency |
RO2ELC001 |
Residential - Other electricity demand rural - Electricity - Base efficiency |
RO2ELC005 |
Residential - Other electricity demand rural - Electricity - Improved efficiency |
TAIJFL001 |
Transport - Aviation - Jet fuel - Base efficiency |
TRBDSL001 |
Transport - Bus - Diesel - Base efficiency |
TRBDSL005 |
Transport - Bus - Diesel - Improved efficiency |
TRBDSL010 |
Transport - Bus - Diesel - High efficiency |
TRBELC001 |
Transport - Bus - Electricity - Base efficiency |
TRBGSL001 |
Transport - Bus - Gasoline - Base efficiency |
TRBGSL005 |
Transport - Bus - Gasoline - Improved efficiency |
TRBGSL010 |
Transport - Bus - Gasoline - High efficiency |
TRCDSL001 |
Transport - Passenger car - Diesel - Base efficiency |
TRCDSL005 |
Transport - Passenger car - Diesel - Improved efficiency |
TRCDSL010 |
Transport - Passenger car - Diesel - High efficiency |
TRCELC001 |
Transport - Passenger car - Electricity - Base efficiency |
TRCGSL001 |
Transport - Passenger car - Gasoline - Base efficiency |
TRCGSL005 |
Transport - Passenger car - Gasoline - Improved efficiency |
TRCGSL010 |
Transport - Passenger car - Gasoline - High efficiency |
TRHDSL001 |
Transport - Heavy goods vehicle - Diesel - Base efficiency |
TRHDSL005 |
Transport - Heavy goods vehicle - Diesel - Improved efficiency |
TRHDSL010 |
Transport - Heavy goods vehicle - Diesel - High efficiency |
TRHGSL001 |
Transport - Heavy goods vehicle - Gasoline - Base efficiency |
TRHGSL005 |
Transport - Heavy goods vehicle - Gasoline - Improved efficiency |
TRHGSL010 |
Transport - Heavy goods vehicle - Gasoline - High efficiency |
TRLDSL001 |
Transport - Light commerical vehicle - Diesel - Base efficiency |
TRLDSL005 |
Transport - Light commerical vehicle - Diesel - Improved efficiency |
TRLDSL010 |
Transport - Light commerical vehicle - Diesel - High efficiency |
TRLELC005 |
Transport - Light commercial vehicle - Electricity - Base efficiency |
TRLGSL001 |
Transport - Light commerical vehicle - Gasoline - Base efficiency |
TRLGSL005 |
Transport - Light commerical vehicle - Gasoline - Improved efficiency |
TRLGSL010 |
Transport - Light commerical vehicle - Gasoline - High efficiency |
TRMDSL001 |
Transport - Motorbike/two-wheeler - Diesel - Base efficiency |
TRMDSL005 |
Transport - Motorbike/two-wheeler - Diesel - Improved efficiency |
TRMDSL010 |
Transport - Motorbike/two-wheeler - Diesel - High efficiency |
TRMELC001 |
Transport - Motorbike/two-wheeler - Electricity - Base efficiency |
TRMGSL001 |
Transport - Motorbike/two-wheeler - Gasoline - Base efficiency |
TRMGSL005 |
Transport - Motorbike/two-wheeler - Gasoline - Improved efficiency |
TRMGSL010 |
Transport - Motorbike/two-wheeler - Gasoline - High efficiency |
TTRDSL001 |
Transport - Trains (Rail) - Diesel - Base efficiency |
TTRELC001 |
Transport - Trains (Rail) - Electricity - Base efficiency |
TWDHFO001 |
Transport - Shipping - Heavy shipping oil - Base efficiency |
UPSCHC |
Upstream charcoal production |
UPSETH |
Upstream ethanol production |
Emissions
The current version of the model only accounts for CO2 emissions. The set includes both a generic CO2 emission entry, as well as sectoral specific CO2 emissions.
Code |
Description |
|---|---|
CO2 |
Overall carbon dioxide emissions |
CO2agr |
Carbon dioxide emissions agricultural sector |
CO2com |
Carbon dioxide emissions commercial sector |
CO2ind |
Carbon dioxide emissions industry |
CO2res |
Carbon dioxide emissions residential sector |
CO2tra |
Carbon dioxide emissions transports sector |
1.3 Reference energy system
An overview of the entire reference energy system is given in the following figure. Starting from the left hand-side, each block represents one or two technologies, depending if the commodity is locally extracted or imported. The top part of the scheme describes the power sector. Each block can represent up to thirty power plants, as in the model they are described at a single plant level. Power imports and exports are at a transmission level, while the electricity is distributed to the different sectors after the transmission and distribution grids, where losses are accounted for. Beneath the uranium imports the fuels only used at end sector are listed, as well as the upstream charcoal and ethanol technologies, that represent the conversion from raw biomass to the end fuel. Each sector is then represented singularly, each one bounded by the FTE technologies, with its sectoral-sepcific fuels, the relevant technologies and its energy service demands.
1.4 Sectors
Agriculture
The only demand type considered for the agricultural sector is a generic demand type, representing fuel cconsumption to operate the agricultural machinery. There is one technology option per fuel type, and fuels considered are diesel, gasoline and heavy fuel oil.
Commercial sector
A generic demand is also considered for the commercial sector. In this case, only electrical appliances are considered as a technology option to cover the demand, as the generic demand only consists of electricity.
Industry
The industrial sector is slightly more complex than the first two. Three different types of demand are considered: non metals and cement, food processing, and other processes. The demand for the non metals and cement subsector can only be covered by technologies using coal as fuel. Similarly, only electricty is considered as an option for the food processing subsector. The other processes subsector includes several different processes, including steel production. Technologies considered are based on various fuels inputs, including coal, electricity, diesel, hevy fuel oil and kerosene.
Residential sector
The residential sector is the most complex sector included in the model, as it also represents the highest share of the final energy consumption in the country. Demands are divided between lighting, cooling, cooking and other. Each demand is split between urban and rural areas, to account for the significant differences in the two areas. Cooling and other demands can only be satisfied by technologies using electricity as an input fuel. Lighting options include both electricity and kerosene. Finally, the cooking sector offers numerous technology options, including diffent ones for the same type of fuel. For examples, e-cooking technologies considered are coil, induction and electric pressure cookers, while wood stoves can be either traditional or improved, as in the case of charcoal.
Transports
Transports include national aviation and shipping, the railway system and road transport. The latter is divided between buses, cars, freight, light commercial vehicles, and two- and three-wheelers. Each of the subsector of road transport has three technology options, namely diesel, gasoline, and electricity, with the excpetion of freight transport, where only diesel and gasoline are considered. Aviation demand can only be satisfied by technologies using jet fuel, shipping by technologies using heavy fuel oil and only electric trains are considered.
